// Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one

// or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file

// distributed with this work for additional information

// regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file

// to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the

// "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance

// with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at

//

//   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0

//

// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,

// software distributed under the License is distributed on an

// "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY

// KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the

// specific language governing permissions and limitations

// under the License.

#include "storage/segment/column_writer.h"

#include <gen_cpp/segment_v2.pb.h>

#include <algorithm>

#include <cstring>

#include <filesystem>

#include <memory>

#include "common/config.h"

#include "common/logging.h"

#include "core/data_type/data_type_agg_state.h"

#include "core/data_type/data_type_factory.hpp"

#include "core/types.h"

#include "io/fs/file_writer.h"

#include "storage/index/bloom_filter/bloom_filter_index_writer.h"

#include "storage/index/inverted/inverted_index_writer.h"

#include "storage/index/ordinal_page_index.h"

#include "storage/index/zone_map/zone_map_index.h"

#include "storage/olap_common.h"

#include "storage/segment/encoding_info.h"

#include "storage/segment/options.h"

#include "storage/segment/page_builder.h"

#include "storage/segment/page_io.h"

#include "storage/segment/page_pointer.h"

#include "storage/segment/variant/variant_column_writer_impl.h"

#include "storage/tablet/tablet_schema.h"

#include "storage/types.h"

#include "util/block_compression.h"

#include "util/debug_points.h"

#include "util/faststring.h"

#include "util/rle_encoding.h"

#include "util/simd/bits.h"

namespace doris::segment_v2 {

class NullBitmapBuilder {

public:

    NullBitmapBuilder() : _has_null(false), _bitmap_buf(512), _rle_encoder(&_bitmap_buf, 1) {}

    explicit NullBitmapBuilder(size_t reserve_bits)

            : _has_null(false),

              _bitmap_buf(BitmapSize(reserve_bits)),

              _rle_encoder(&_bitmap_buf, 1) {}

    void reserve_for_write(size_t num_rows, size_t non_null_count) {

        if (num_rows == 0) {

            return;

        }

        if (non_null_count == 0 || (non_null_count == num_rows && !_has_null)) {

            if (_bitmap_buf.capacity() < kSmallReserveBytes) {

                _bitmap_buf.reserve(kSmallReserveBytes);

            }

            return;

        }

        size_t raw_bytes = BitmapSize(num_rows);

        size_t run_est = std::min(num_rows, non_null_count * 2 + 1);

        size_t run_bytes_est = run_est * kBytesPerRun + kReserveSlackBytes;

        size_t raw_overhead = raw_bytes / 63 + 1;

        size_t raw_est = raw_bytes + raw_overhead + kReserveSlackBytes;

        size_t reserve_bytes = std::min(raw_est, run_bytes_est);

        if (_bitmap_buf.capacity() < reserve_bytes) {

            const size_t cap = _bitmap_buf.capacity();

            const size_t grow = cap + cap / 2;

            const size_t new_cap = std::max(reserve_bytes, grow);

            _bitmap_buf.reserve(new_cap);

        }

    }

    void add_run(bool value, size_t run) {

        _has_null |= value;

        _rle_encoder.Put(value, run);

    }

    // Returns whether the building nullmap contains nullptr

    bool has_null() const { return _has_null; }

    Status finish(OwnedSlice* slice) {

        _rle_encoder.Flush();

        RETURN_IF_CATCH_EXCEPTION({ *slice = _bitmap_buf.build(); });

        return Status::OK();

    }

    void reset() {

        _has_null = false;

        _rle_encoder.Clear();

    }

    uint64_t size() { return _bitmap_buf.size(); }

private:

    static constexpr size_t kSmallReserveBytes = 64;

    static constexpr size_t kReserveSlackBytes = 16;

    static constexpr size_t kBytesPerRun = 6;

    bool _has_null;

    faststring _bitmap_buf;

    RleEncoder<bool> _rle_encoder;

};

inline ScalarColumnWriter* get_null_writer(const ColumnWriterOptions& opts,

                                           io::FileWriter* file_writer, uint32_t id) {

    if (!opts.meta->is_nullable()) {

        return nullptr;

    }

    FieldType null_type = FieldType::OLAP_FIELD_TYPE_TINYINT;

    ColumnWriterOptions null_options;

    null_options.meta = opts.meta->add_children_columns();

    null_options.meta->set_column_id(id);

    null_options.meta->set_unique_id(id);

    null_options.meta->set_type(int(null_type));

    null_options.meta->set_is_nullable(false);

    null_options.meta->set_length(

            cast_set<int32_t>(field_type_size(FieldType::OLAP_FIELD_TYPE_TINYINT)));

    null_options.meta->set_compression(opts.meta->compression());

    null_options.need_zone_map = false;

    null_options.need_bloom_filter = false;

    null_options.storage_format = opts.storage_format;

    auto null_column_ptr = std::make_shared<TabletColumn>(

            FieldAggregationMethod::OLAP_FIELD_AGGREGATION_NONE, null_type, false,

            null_options.meta->unique_id(), null_options.meta->length());

    null_column_ptr->set_name("nullable");

    null_column_ptr->set_index_length(-1); // no short key index

    null_options.meta->set_encoding(

            EncodingInfo::resolve_default_encoding(opts.storage_format, *null_column_ptr));

    return new ScalarColumnWriter(null_options, std::move(null_column_ptr), file_writer);

}

ColumnWriter::ColumnWriter(TabletColumnPtr column, bool is_nullable, ColumnMetaPB* meta)

        : _column(std::move(column)), _is_nullable(is_nullable), _column_meta(meta) {

    _data_type = DataTypeFactory::instance().create_data_type(*_column_meta);

}

Status ColumnWriter::create_struct_writer(const ColumnWriterOptions& opts,

                                          const TabletColumn* column, io::FileWriter* file_writer,

                                          std::unique_ptr<ColumnWriter>* writer) {

    // not support empty struct

    DCHECK(column->get_subtype_count() >= 1);

    std::vector<std::unique_ptr<ColumnWriter>> sub_column_writers;

    sub_column_writers.reserve(column->get_subtype_count());

    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < column->get_subtype_count(); i++) {

        const TabletColumn& sub_column = column->get_sub_column(i);

        RETURN_IF_ERROR(sub_column.check_valid());

        // create sub writer

        ColumnWriterOptions column_options;

        column_options.meta = opts.meta->mutable_children_columns(i);

        column_options.need_zone_map = false;

        column_options.need_bloom_filter = sub_column.is_bf_column();

        column_options.storage_format = opts.storage_format;

        std::unique_ptr<ColumnWriter> sub_column_writer;

        RETURN_IF_ERROR(

                ColumnWriter::create(column_options, &sub_column, file_writer, &sub_column_writer));

        sub_column_writers.push_back(std::move(sub_column_writer));

    }

    ScalarColumnWriter* null_writer =

            get_null_writer(opts, file_writer, column->get_subtype_count() + 1);

    *writer = std::unique_ptr<ColumnWriter>(new StructColumnWriter(

            opts, std::make_shared<TabletColumn>(*column), null_writer, sub_column_writers));

    return Status::OK();

}

Status ColumnWriter::create_array_writer(const ColumnWriterOptions& opts,

                                         const TabletColumn* column, io::FileWriter* file_writer,

                                         std::unique_ptr<ColumnWriter>* writer) {

    DCHECK(column->get_subtype_count() == 1);

    const TabletColumn& item_column = column->get_sub_column(0);

    RETURN_IF_ERROR(item_column.check_valid());

    // create item writer

    ColumnWriterOptions item_options;

    item_options.meta = opts.meta->mutable_children_columns(0);

    item_options.need_zone_map = false;

    item_options.need_bloom_filter = item_column.is_bf_column();

    item_options.storage_format = opts.storage_format;

    std::unique_ptr<ColumnWriter> item_writer;

    RETURN_IF_ERROR(ColumnWriter::create(item_options, &item_column, file_writer, &item_writer));

    // create length writer

    FieldType length_type = FieldType::OLAP_FIELD_TYPE_UNSIGNED_BIGINT;

    ColumnWriterOptions length_options;

    length_options.meta = opts.meta->add_children_columns();

    length_options.meta->set_column_id(2);

    length_options.meta->set_unique_id(2);

    length_options.meta->set_type(int(length_type));

    length_options.meta->set_is_nullable(false);

    length_options.meta->set_length(

            cast_set<int32_t>(field_type_size(FieldType::OLAP_FIELD_TYPE_UNSIGNED_BIGINT)));

    length_options.meta->set_compression(opts.meta->compression());

    length_options.need_zone_map = false;

    length_options.need_bloom_filter = false;

    length_options.storage_format = opts.storage_format;

    auto length_column_ptr = std::make_shared<TabletColumn>(

            FieldAggregationMethod::OLAP_FIELD_AGGREGATION_NONE, length_type,

            length_options.meta->is_nullable(), length_options.meta->unique_id(),

            length_options.meta->length());

    length_column_ptr->set_name("length");

    length_column_ptr->set_index_length(-1); // no short key index

    length_options.meta->set_encoding(

            EncodingInfo::resolve_default_encoding(opts.storage_format, *length_column_ptr));

    auto* length_writer =

            new OffsetColumnWriter(length_options, std::move(length_column_ptr), file_writer);

    ScalarColumnWriter* null_writer = get_null_writer(opts, file_writer, 3);

    *writer = std::unique_ptr<ColumnWriter>(

            new ArrayColumnWriter(opts, std::make_shared<TabletColumn>(*column), length_writer,

                                  null_writer, std::move(item_writer)));

    return Status::OK();

}

Status ColumnWriter::create_map_writer(const ColumnWriterOptions& opts, const TabletColumn* column,

                                       io::FileWriter* file_writer,

                                       std::unique_ptr<ColumnWriter>* writer) {

    DCHECK(column->get_subtype_count() == 2);

    if (column->get_subtype_count() < 2) {

        return Status::InternalError(

                "If you upgraded from version 1.2.*, please DROP the MAP columns and then "

                "ADD the MAP columns back.");

    }

    // create key & value writer

    std::vector<std::unique_ptr<ColumnWriter>> inner_writer_list;

    for (int i = 0; i < 2; ++i) {

        const TabletColumn& item_column = column->get_sub_column(i);

        RETURN_IF_ERROR(item_column.check_valid());

        // create item writer

        ColumnWriterOptions item_options;

        item_options.meta = opts.meta->mutable_children_columns(i);

        item_options.need_zone_map = false;

        item_options.need_bloom_filter = item_column.is_bf_column();

        item_options.storage_format = opts.storage_format;

        std::unique_ptr<ColumnWriter> item_writer;

        RETURN_IF_ERROR(

                ColumnWriter::create(item_options, &item_column, file_writer, &item_writer));

        inner_writer_list.push_back(std::move(item_writer));

    }

    // create offset writer

    FieldType length_type = FieldType::OLAP_FIELD_TYPE_UNSIGNED_BIGINT;

    // Be Cautious: column unique id is used for column reader creation

    ColumnWriterOptions length_options;

    length_options.meta = opts.meta->add_children_columns();

    length_options.meta->set_column_id(column->get_subtype_count() + 1);

    length_options.meta->set_unique_id(column->get_subtype_count() + 1);

    length_options.meta->set_type(int(length_type));

    length_options.meta->set_is_nullable(false);

    length_options.meta->set_length(

            cast_set<int32_t>(field_type_size(FieldType::OLAP_FIELD_TYPE_UNSIGNED_BIGINT)));

    length_options.meta->set_compression(opts.meta->compression());

    length_options.need_zone_map = false;

    length_options.need_bloom_filter = false;

    length_options.storage_format = opts.storage_format;

    auto length_column_ptr = std::make_shared<TabletColumn>(

            FieldAggregationMethod::OLAP_FIELD_AGGREGATION_NONE, length_type,

            length_options.meta->is_nullable(), length_options.meta->unique_id(),

            length_options.meta->length());

    length_column_ptr->set_name("length");

    length_column_ptr->set_index_length(-1); // no short key index

    length_options.meta->set_encoding(

            EncodingInfo::resolve_default_encoding(opts.storage_format, *length_column_ptr));

    auto* length_writer =

            new OffsetColumnWriter(length_options, std::move(length_column_ptr), file_writer);

    ScalarColumnWriter* null_writer =

            get_null_writer(opts, file_writer, column->get_subtype_count() + 2);

    *writer = std::unique_ptr<ColumnWriter>(

            new MapColumnWriter(opts, std::make_shared<TabletColumn>(*column), null_writer,

                                length_writer, inner_writer_list));

    return Status::OK();

}

Status ColumnWriter::create_agg_state_writer(const ColumnWriterOptions& opts,

                                             const TabletColumn* column,

                                             io::FileWriter* file_writer,

                                             std::unique_ptr<ColumnWriter>* writer) {

    auto data_type = DataTypeFactory::instance().create_data_type(*column);

    const auto* agg_state_type = assert_cast<const DataTypeAggState*>(data_type.get());

    auto type = agg_state_type->get_serialized_type()->get_primitive_type();

    if (type == PrimitiveType::TYPE_STRING || type == PrimitiveType::INVALID_TYPE ||

        type == PrimitiveType::TYPE_FIXED_LENGTH_OBJECT || type == PrimitiveType::TYPE_BITMAP) {

        *writer = std::unique_ptr<ColumnWriter>(

                new ScalarColumnWriter(opts, std::make_shared<TabletColumn>(*column), file_writer));

    } else if (type == PrimitiveType::TYPE_ARRAY) {

        RETURN_IF_ERROR(create_array_writer(opts, column, file_writer, writer));

    } else if (type == PrimitiveType::TYPE_MAP) {

        RETURN_IF_ERROR(create_map_writer(opts, column, file_writer, writer));

    } else {

        throw Exception(ErrorCode::INTERNAL_ERROR,

                        "OLAP_FIELD_TYPE_AGG_STATE meet unsupported type: {}",

                        agg_state_type->get_name());

    }

    return Status::OK();

}

Status ColumnWriter::create_variant_writer(const ColumnWriterOptions& opts,

                                           const TabletColumn* column, io::FileWriter* file_writer,

                                           std::unique_ptr<ColumnWriter>* writer) {

    // Variant extracted columns have two kinds of physical writers:

    // - Doc-value snapshot column (`...__DORIS_VARIANT_DOC_VALUE__...`): use `VariantDocCompactWriter`

    //   to store the doc snapshot in a compact binary form.

    // - Regular extracted subcolumns: use `VariantSubcolumnWriter`.

    // The root VARIANT column itself uses `VariantColumnWriter`.

    if (column->is_extracted_column()) {

        if (column->name().find(DOC_VALUE_COLUMN_PATH) != std::string::npos) {

            *writer = std::make_unique<VariantDocCompactWriter>(

                    opts, std::make_shared<TabletColumn>(*column));

            return Status::OK();

        }

        VLOG_DEBUG << "gen subwriter for " << column->path_info_ptr()->get_path();

        *writer = std::make_unique<VariantSubcolumnWriter>(opts,

                                                           std::make_shared<TabletColumn>(*column));

        return Status::OK();

    }

    *writer = std::make_unique<VariantColumnWriter>(opts, std::make_shared<TabletColumn>(*column));

    return Status::OK();

}

//Todo(Amory): here should according nullable and offset and need sub to simply this function

Status ColumnWriter::create(const ColumnWriterOptions& opts, const TabletColumn* column,

                            io::FileWriter* file_writer, std::unique_ptr<ColumnWriter>* writer) {

    auto column_ptr = std::make_shared<TabletColumn>(*column);

    if (is_scalar_type(column->type())) {

        *writer = std::unique_ptr<ColumnWriter>(

                new ScalarColumnWriter(opts, std::move(column_ptr), file_writer));

        return Status::OK();

    } else {

        switch (column->type()) {

        case FieldType::OLAP_FIELD_TYPE_AGG_STATE: {

            RETURN_IF_ERROR(create_agg_state_writer(opts, column, file_writer, writer));

            return Status::OK();

        }

        case FieldType::OLAP_FIELD_TYPE_STRUCT: {

            RETURN_IF_ERROR(create_struct_writer(opts, column, file_writer, writer));

            return Status::OK();

        }

        case FieldType::OLAP_FIELD_TYPE_ARRAY: {

            RETURN_IF_ERROR(create_array_writer(opts, column, file_writer, writer));

            return Status::OK();

        }

        case FieldType::OLAP_FIELD_TYPE_MAP: {

            RETURN_IF_ERROR(create_map_writer(opts, column, file_writer, writer));

            return Status::OK();

        }

        case FieldType::OLAP_FIELD_TYPE_VARIANT: {

            // Process columns with sparse column

            RETURN_IF_ERROR(create_variant_writer(opts, column, file_writer, writer));

            return Status::OK();

        }

        default:

            return Status::NotSupported("unsupported type for ColumnWriter: {}",

                                        std::to_string(int(column_ptr->type())));

        }

    }

}

Status ColumnWriter::append_nullable(const uint8_t* is_null_bits, const void* data,

                                     size_t num_rows) {

    const auto* ptr = (const uint8_t*)data;

    BitmapIterator null_iter(is_null_bits, num_rows);

    bool is_null = false;

    size_t this_run = 0;

    while ((this_run = null_iter.Next(&is_null)) > 0) {

        if (is_null) {

            RETURN_IF_ERROR(append_nulls(this_run));

        } else {

            RETURN_IF_ERROR(append_data(&ptr, this_run));

        }

    }

    return Status::OK();

}

Status ColumnWriter::append_nullable(const uint8_t* null_map, const uint8_t** ptr,

                                     size_t num_rows) {

    // Fast path: use SIMD to detect all-NULL or all-non-NULL columns

    if (config::enable_rle_batch_put_optimization) {

        size_t non_null_count =

                simd::count_zero_num(reinterpret_cast<const int8_t*>(null_map), num_rows);

        if (non_null_count == 0) {

            // All NULL: skip run-length iteration, directly append all nulls

            RETURN_IF_ERROR(append_nulls(num_rows));

            *ptr += cell_size() * num_rows;

            return Status::OK();

        }

        if (non_null_count == num_rows) {

            // All non-NULL: skip run-length iteration, directly append all data

            return append_data(ptr, num_rows);

        }

    }

    // Mixed case or sparse optimization disabled: use run-length processing

    size_t offset = 0;

    auto next_run_step = [&]() {

        size_t step = 1;

        for (auto i = offset + 1; i < num_rows; ++i) {

            if (null_map[offset] == null_map[i]) {

                step++;

            } else {

                break;

            }

        }

        return step;

    };

    do {

        auto step = next_run_step();

        if (null_map[offset]) {

            RETURN_IF_ERROR(append_nulls(step));

            *ptr += cell_size() * step;

        } else {

            // TODO:

            //  1. `*ptr += cell_size() * step;` should do in this function, not append_data;

            //  2. support array vectorized load and ptr offset add

            RETURN_IF_ERROR(append_data(ptr, step));

        }

        offset += step;

    } while (offset < num_rows);

    return Status::OK();

}

Status ColumnWriter::append(const uint8_t* nullmap, const void* data, size_t num_rows) {

    assert(data && num_rows > 0);

    const auto* ptr = (const uint8_t*)data;

    if (nullmap) {

        return append_nullable(nullmap, &ptr, num_rows);

    } else {

        return append_data(&ptr, num_rows);

    }

}

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

ScalarColumnWriter::ScalarColumnWriter(const ColumnWriterOptions& opts, TabletColumnPtr column,

                                       io::FileWriter* file_writer)

        : ColumnWriter(std::move(column), opts.meta->is_nullable(), opts.meta),

          _opts(opts),

          _file_writer(file_writer),

          _data_size(0) {

    // these opts.meta fields should be set by client

    DCHECK(opts.meta->has_column_id());

    DCHECK(opts.meta->has_unique_id());

    DCHECK(opts.meta->has_type());

    DCHECK(opts.meta->has_length());

    DCHECK(opts.meta->has_encoding());

    DCHECK(opts.meta->has_compression());

    DCHECK(opts.meta->has_is_nullable());

    DCHECK(file_writer != nullptr);

    _inverted_index_builders.resize(_opts.inverted_indexes.size());

}

ScalarColumnWriter::~ScalarColumnWriter() {

    // delete all pages

    _pages.clear();

}

Status ScalarColumnWriter::init() {

    RETURN_IF_ERROR(get_block_compression_codec(_opts.meta->compression(), &_compress_codec));

    PageBuilder* page_builder = nullptr;

    // Caller must set a concrete (non-DEFAULT) encoding on the meta before init.

    if (_opts.meta->encoding() == DEFAULT_ENCODING) {

        return Status::InternalError(

                "ColumnMetaPB encoding is DEFAULT_ENCODING for column_id={}, type={}; caller must "

                "resolve to a concrete encoding before ScalarColumnWriter::init",

                _opts.meta->column_id(), get_column()->type());

    }

    RETURN_IF_ERROR(

            EncodingInfo::get(get_column()->type(), _opts.meta->encoding(), &_encoding_info));

    // create page builder

    PageBuilderOptions opts;

    opts.data_page_size = _opts.data_page_size;

    opts.dict_page_size = _opts.dict_page_size;

    opts.dict_binary_plain_encoding =

            (_opts.storage_format == TabletStorageFormatPB::TABLET_STORAGE_FORMAT_V3)

                    ? BinaryPlainEncodingTypePB::BINARY_PLAIN_ENCODING_V2

                    : BinaryPlainEncodingTypePB::BINARY_PLAIN_ENCODING_V1;

    RETURN_IF_ERROR(_encoding_info->create_page_builder(opts, &page_builder));

    if (page_builder == nullptr) {

        return Status::NotSupported("Failed to create page builder for type {} and encoding {}",

                                    get_column()->type(), _opts.meta->encoding());

    }

    VLOG_DEBUG << fmt::format(

            "[verbose] scalar column writer init, column_id={}, type={}, encoding={}, "

            "is_nullable={}",

            _opts.meta->column_id(), get_column()->type(),

            EncodingTypePB_Name(_opts.meta->encoding()), _opts.meta->is_nullable());

    _page_builder.reset(page_builder);

    // create ordinal builder

    _ordinal_index_builder = std::make_unique<OrdinalIndexWriter>();

    // create null bitmap builder

    if (is_nullable()) {

        _null_bitmap_builder = std::make_unique<NullBitmapBuilder>();

    }

    if (_opts.need_zone_map) {

        RETURN_IF_ERROR(

                ZoneMapIndexWriter::create(_data_type, get_column(), _zone_map_index_builder));

    }

    if (_opts.need_inverted_index) {

        do {

            for (size_t i = 0; i < _opts.inverted_indexes.size(); i++) {

                DBUG_EXECUTE_IF("column_writer.init", {

                    class InvertedIndexColumnWriterEmpty final : public IndexColumnWriter {

                    public:

                        Status init() override { return Status::OK(); }

                        Status add_values(const std::string name, const void* values,

                                          size_t count) override {

                            return Status::OK();

                        }

                        Status add_array_values(size_t field_size, const void* value_ptr,

                                                const uint8_t* null_map, const uint8_t* offsets_ptr,

                                                size_t count) override {

                            return Status::OK();

                        }

                        Status add_nulls(uint32_t count) override { return Status::OK(); }

                        Status add_array_nulls(const uint8_t* null_map, size_t num_rows) override {

                            return Status::OK();

                        }

                        Status finish() override { return Status::OK(); }

                        int64_t size() const override { return 0; }

                        void close_on_error() override {}

                    };

                    _inverted_index_builders[i] =

                            std::make_unique<InvertedIndexColumnWriterEmpty>();

                    break;

                });

                RETURN_IF_ERROR(IndexColumnWriter::create(

                        get_column(), &_inverted_index_builders[i], _opts.index_file_writer,

                        _opts.inverted_indexes[i]));

            }

        } while (false);

    }

    if (_opts.need_bloom_filter) {

        if (_opts.is_ngram_bf_index) {

            RETURN_IF_ERROR(NGramBloomFilterIndexWriterImpl::create(

                    BloomFilterOptions(), get_column()->type(), _opts.gram_size, _opts.gram_bf_size,

                    &_bloom_filter_index_builder));

        } else {

            RETURN_IF_ERROR(BloomFilterIndexWriter::create(_opts.bf_options, get_column()->type(),

                                                           &_bloom_filter_index_builder));

        }

    }

    return Status::OK();

}

Status ScalarColumnWriter::append_nulls(size_t num_rows) {

    _null_bitmap_builder->add_run(true, num_rows);

    _next_rowid += num_rows;

    if (_opts.need_zone_map) {

        _zone_map_index_builder->add_nulls(cast_set<uint32_t>(num_rows));

    }

    if (_opts.need_inverted_index) {

        for (const auto& builder : _inverted_index_builders) {

            RETURN_IF_ERROR(builder->add_nulls(cast_set<uint32_t>(num_rows)));

        }

    }

    if (_opts.need_bloom_filter) {

        _bloom_filter_index_builder->add_nulls(cast_set<uint32_t>(num_rows));

    }

    return Status::OK();

}

// append data to page builder. this function will make sure that

// num_rows must be written before return. And ptr will be modified

// to next data should be written

Status ScalarColumnWriter::append_data(const uint8_t** ptr, size_t num_rows) {

    size_t remaining = num_rows;

    while (remaining > 0) {

        size_t num_written = remaining;

        RETURN_IF_ERROR(append_data_in_current_page(ptr, &num_written));

        remaining -= num_written;

        if (_page_builder->is_page_full()) {

            RETURN_IF_ERROR(finish_current_page());

        }

    }

    return Status::OK();

}

Status ScalarColumnWriter::_internal_append_data_in_current_page(const uint8_t* data,

                                                                 size_t* num_written) {

    RETURN_IF_ERROR(_page_builder->add(data, num_written));

    if (_opts.need_zone_map) {

        _zone_map_index_builder->add_values(data, *num_written);

    }

    if (_opts.need_inverted_index) {

        for (const auto& builder : _inverted_index_builders) {

            RETURN_IF_ERROR(builder->add_values(get_column()->name(), data, *num_written));

        }

    }

    if (_opts.need_bloom_filter) {

        RETURN_IF_ERROR(_bloom_filter_index_builder->add_values(data, *num_written));

    }

    _next_rowid += *num_written;

    // we must write null bits after write data, because we don't

    // know how many rows can be written into current page

    if (is_nullable()) {

        _null_bitmap_builder->add_run(false, *num_written);

    }

    return Status::OK();

}

Status ScalarColumnWriter::append_data_in_current_page(const uint8_t** data, size_t* num_written) {

    RETURN_IF_ERROR(append_data_in_current_page(*data, num_written));

    *data += cell_size() * (*num_written);

    return Status::OK();

}

Status ScalarColumnWriter::append_nullable(const uint8_t* null_map, const uint8_t** ptr,

                                           size_t num_rows) {

    // When optimization is disabled, use base class implementation

    if (!config::enable_rle_batch_put_optimization) {

        return ColumnWriter::append_nullable(null_map, ptr, num_rows);

    }

    if (UNLIKELY(num_rows == 0)) {

        return Status::OK();

    }

    // Build run-length encoded null runs using memchr for fast boundary detection

    _null_run_buffer.clear();

    if (_null_run_buffer.capacity() < num_rows) {

        _null_run_buffer.reserve(std::min(num_rows, size_t(256)));

    }

    size_t non_null_count = 0;

    size_t offset = 0;

    while (offset < num_rows) {

        bool is_null = null_map[offset] != 0;

        size_t remaining = num_rows - offset;

        const uint8_t* run_end =

                static_cast<const uint8_t*>(memchr(null_map + offset, is_null ? 0 : 1, remaining));

        size_t run_length = run_end != nullptr ? (run_end - (null_map + offset)) : remaining;

        _null_run_buffer.push_back(NullRun {is_null, static_cast<uint32_t>(run_length)});

        if (!is_null) {

            non_null_count += run_length;

        }

        offset += run_length;

    }

    // Pre-allocate buffer based on estimated size

    if (_null_bitmap_builder != nullptr) {

        size_t current_rows = _next_rowid - _first_rowid;

        size_t expected_rows = current_rows + num_rows;

        size_t est_non_null = non_null_count;

        if (num_rows > 0 && expected_rows > num_rows) {

            est_non_null = (non_null_count * expected_rows) / num_rows;

        }

        _null_bitmap_builder->reserve_for_write(expected_rows, est_non_null);

    }

    if (non_null_count == 0) {

        // All NULL: skip data writing, only update null bitmap and indexes

        RETURN_IF_ERROR(append_nulls(num_rows));

        *ptr += cell_size() * num_rows;

        return Status::OK();

    }

    if (non_null_count == num_rows) {

        // All non-NULL: use normal append_data which handles both data and null bitmap

        return append_data(ptr, num_rows);

    }

    // Process by runs

    for (const auto& run : _null_run_buffer) {

        size_t run_length = run.len;

        if (run.is_null) {

            RETURN_IF_ERROR(append_nulls(run_length));

            *ptr += cell_size() * run_length;

        } else {

            // TODO:

            //  1. `*ptr += cell_size() * step;` should do in this function, not append_data;

            //  2. support array vectorized load and ptr offset add

            RETURN_IF_ERROR(append_data(ptr, run_length));

        }

    }

    return Status::OK();

}

uint64_t ScalarColumnWriter::estimate_buffer_size() {

    uint64_t size = _data_size;

    size += _page_builder->size();

    if (is_nullable()) {

        size += _null_bitmap_builder->size();

    }

    size += _ordinal_index_builder->size();

    if (_opts.need_zone_map) {

        size += _zone_map_index_builder->size();

    }

    if (_opts.need_bloom_filter) {

        size += _bloom_filter_index_builder->size();

    }

    return size;

}

Status ScalarColumnWriter::finish() {

    RETURN_IF_ERROR(finish_current_page());

    _opts.meta->set_num_rows(_next_rowid);

    return Status::OK();

}

Status ScalarColumnWriter::write_data() {

    auto offset = _file_writer->bytes_appended();

    auto collect_uncompressed_bytes = [](const PageFooterPB& footer) {

        return footer.uncompressed_size() + footer.ByteSizeLong() +

               sizeof(uint32_t) /* footer size */ + sizeof(uint32_t) /* checksum */;

    };

    for (auto& page : _pages) {

        _total_uncompressed_data_pages_size += collect_uncompressed_bytes(page->footer);

        RETURN_IF_ERROR(_write_data_page(page.get()));

    }

    _pages.clear();

    // write column dict

    if (_encoding_info->encoding() == DICT_ENCODING) {

        OwnedSlice dict_body;

        RETURN_IF_ERROR(_page_builder->get_dictionary_page(&dict_body));

        EncodingTypePB dict_word_page_encoding;

        RETURN_IF_ERROR(_page_builder->get_dictionary_page_encoding(&dict_word_page_encoding));

        PageFooterPB footer;

        footer.set_type(DICTIONARY_PAGE);

        footer.set_uncompressed_size(cast_set<uint32_t>(dict_body.slice().get_size()));

        footer.mutable_dict_page_footer()->set_encoding(dict_word_page_encoding);

        _total_uncompressed_data_pages_size += collect_uncompressed_bytes(footer);

        PagePointer dict_pp;

        RETURN_IF_ERROR(PageIO::compress_and_write_page(

                _compress_codec, _opts.compression_min_space_saving, _file_writer,

                {dict_body.slice()}, footer, &dict_pp));

        dict_pp.to_proto(_opts.meta->mutable_dict_page());

    }

    _total_compressed_data_pages_size += _file_writer->bytes_appended() - offset;

    _page_builder.reset();

    return Status::OK();

}

Status ScalarColumnWriter::write_ordinal_index() {

    return _ordinal_index_builder->finish(_file_writer, _opts.meta->add_indexes());

}

Status ScalarColumnWriter::write_zone_map() {

    if (_opts.need_zone_map) {

        return _zone_map_index_builder->finish(_file_writer, _opts.meta->add_indexes());

    }

    return Status::OK();

}

Status ScalarColumnWriter::write_inverted_index() {

    if (_opts.need_inverted_index) {

        for (const auto& builder : _inverted_index_builders) {

            RETURN_IF_ERROR(builder->finish());

        }

    }

    return Status::OK();

}

Status ScalarColumnWriter::write_bloom_filter_index() {

    if (_opts.need_bloom_filter) {

        return _bloom_filter_index_builder->finish(_file_writer, _opts.meta->add_indexes());

    }

    return Status::OK();

}

// write a data page into file and update ordinal index

Status ScalarColumnWriter::_write_data_page(Page* page) {

    PagePointer pp;

    std::vector<Slice> compressed_body;

    for (auto& data : page->data) {

        compressed_body.push_back(data.slice());

    }

    RETURN_IF_ERROR(PageIO::write_page(_file_writer, compressed_body, page->footer, &pp));

    _ordinal_index_builder->append_entry(page->footer.data_page_footer().first_ordinal(), pp);

    return Status::OK();

}

Status ScalarColumnWriter::finish_current_page() {

    if (_next_rowid == _first_rowid) {

        return Status::OK();

    }

    if (_opts.need_zone_map) {

        // If the number of rows in the current page is less than the threshold,

        // we will invalidate zone map index for this page by set pass_all to true.

        if (_next_rowid - _first_rowid < config::zone_map_row_num_threshold) {

            _zone_map_index_builder->invalid_page_zone_map();

        }

        RETURN_IF_ERROR(_zone_map_index_builder->flush());

    }

    if (_opts.need_bloom_filter) {

        RETURN_IF_ERROR(_bloom_filter_index_builder->flush());

    }

    _raw_data_bytes += _page_builder->get_raw_data_size();

    // build data page body : encoded values + [nullmap]

    std::vector<Slice> body;

    OwnedSlice encoded_values;

    RETURN_IF_ERROR(_page_builder->finish(&encoded_values));

    RETURN_IF_ERROR(_page_builder->reset());

    body.push_back(encoded_values.slice());

    OwnedSlice nullmap;

    if (_null_bitmap_builder != nullptr) {

        if (is_nullable() && _null_bitmap_builder->has_null()) {

            RETURN_IF_ERROR(_null_bitmap_builder->finish(&nullmap));

            body.push_back(nullmap.slice());

        }

        _null_bitmap_builder->reset();

    }

    // prepare data page footer

    std::unique_ptr<Page> page(new Page());

    page->footer.set_type(DATA_PAGE);

    page->footer.set_uncompressed_size(cast_set<uint32_t>(Slice::compute_total_size(body)));

    auto* data_page_footer = page->footer.mutable_data_page_footer();

    data_page_footer->set_first_ordinal(_first_rowid);

    data_page_footer->set_num_values(_next_rowid - _first_rowid);

    data_page_footer->set_nullmap_size(cast_set<uint32_t>(nullmap.slice().size));

    if (_new_page_callback != nullptr) {

        _new_page_callback->put_extra_info_in_page(data_page_footer);

    }

    // trying to compress page body

    OwnedSlice compressed_body;

    RETURN_IF_ERROR(PageIO::compress_page_body(_compress_codec, _opts.compression_min_space_saving,

                                               body, &compressed_body));

    if (compressed_body.slice().empty()) {

        // page body is uncompressed

        page->data.emplace_back(std::move(encoded_values));

        page->data.emplace_back(std::move(nullmap));

    } else {

        // page body is compressed

        page->data.emplace_back(std::move(compressed_body));

    }

    _push_back_page(std::move(page));

    _first_rowid = _next_rowid;

    return Status::OK();

}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

// offset column writer

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

OffsetColumnWriter::OffsetColumnWriter(const ColumnWriterOptions& opts, TabletColumnPtr column,

                                       io::FileWriter* file_writer)

        : ScalarColumnWriter(opts, std::move(column), file_writer) {

    // now we only explain data in offset column as uint64

    DCHECK(get_column()->type() == FieldType::OLAP_FIELD_TYPE_UNSIGNED_BIGINT);

}

OffsetColumnWriter::~OffsetColumnWriter() = default;

Status OffsetColumnWriter::init() {

    RETURN_IF_ERROR(ScalarColumnWriter::init());

    register_flush_page_callback(this);

    _next_offset = 0;

    return Status::OK();

}

Status OffsetColumnWriter::append_data(const uint8_t** ptr, size_t num_rows) {

    size_t remaining = num_rows;

    while (remaining > 0) {

        size_t num_written = remaining;

        RETURN_IF_ERROR(append_data_in_current_page(ptr, &num_written));

        // Callers provide one extra tail offset after the written rows so the page footer can

        // store the next array item ordinal for the current page.

        _next_offset = *(const uint64_t*)(*ptr);

        remaining -= num_written;

        if (_page_builder->is_page_full()) {

            // get next data for next array_item_rowid

            RETURN_IF_ERROR(finish_current_page());

        }

    }

    return Status::OK();

}

void OffsetColumnWriter::put_extra_info_in_page(DataPageFooterPB* footer) {

    footer->set_next_array_item_ordinal(_next_offset);

}

StructColumnWriter::StructColumnWriter(

        const ColumnWriterOptions& opts, TabletColumnPtr column, ScalarColumnWriter* null_writer,

        std::vector<std::unique_ptr<ColumnWriter>>& sub_column_writers)

        : ColumnWriter(std::move(column), opts.meta->is_nullable(), opts.meta), _opts(opts) {

    for (auto& sub_column_writer : sub_column_writers) {

        _sub_column_writers.push_back(std::move(sub_column_writer));

    }

    _num_sub_column_writers = _sub_column_writers.size();

    DCHECK(_num_sub_column_writers >= 1);

    if (is_nullable()) {

        _null_writer.reset(null_writer);

    }

}

Status StructColumnWriter::init() {

    for (auto& column_writer : _sub_column_writers) {

        RETURN_IF_ERROR(column_writer->init());

    }

    if (is_nullable()) {

        RETURN_IF_ERROR(_null_writer->init());

    }

    return Status::OK();

}

Status StructColumnWriter::write_inverted_index() {

    if (_opts.need_inverted_index) {

        for (auto& column_writer : _sub_column_writers) {

            RETURN_IF_ERROR(column_writer->write_inverted_index());

        }

    }

    return Status::OK();

}

Status StructColumnWriter::append_nullable(const uint8_t* null_map, const uint8_t** ptr,

                                           size_t num_rows) {

    RETURN_IF_ERROR(append_data(ptr, num_rows));

    RETURN_IF_ERROR(_null_writer->append_data(&null_map, num_rows));

    return Status::OK();

}

Status StructColumnWriter::append_data(const uint8_t** ptr, size_t num_rows) {

    const auto* results = reinterpret_cast<const uint64_t*>(*ptr);

    for (size_t i = 0; i < _num_sub_column_writers; ++i) {

        auto nullmap = *(results + _num_sub_column_writers + i);

        auto data = *(results + i);

        RETURN_IF_ERROR(_sub_column_writers[i]->append(reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(nullmap),

                                                       reinterpret_cast<const void*>(data),

                                                       num_rows));

    }

    return Status::OK();

}

uint64_t StructColumnWriter::estimate_buffer_size() {

    uint64_t size = 0;

    for (auto& column_writer : _sub_column_writers) {

        size += column_writer->estimate_buffer_size();

    }

    size += is_nullable() ? _null_writer->estimate_buffer_size() : 0;

    return size;

}

Status StructColumnWriter::finish() {

    for (auto& column_writer : _sub_column_writers) {

        RETURN_IF_ERROR(column_writer->finish());

    }

    if (is_nullable()) {

        RETURN_IF_ERROR(_null_writer->finish());

    }

    _opts.meta->set_num_rows(get_next_rowid());

    return Status::OK();

}

Status StructColumnWriter::write_data() {

    for (auto& column_writer : _sub_column_writers) {

        RETURN_IF_ERROR(column_writer->write_data());

    }

    if (is_nullable()) {

        RETURN_IF_ERROR(_null_writer->write_data());

    }

    return Status::OK();

}

Status StructColumnWriter::write_ordinal_index() {