// Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one

// or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file

// distributed with this work for additional information

// regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file

// to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the

// "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance

// with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at

//

//   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0

//

// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,

// software distributed under the License is distributed on an

// "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY

// KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the

// specific language governing permissions and limitations

// under the License.

#include "io/fs/s3_file_writer.h"

#include <aws/s3/model/CompletedPart.h>

#include <bvar/recorder.h>

#include <bvar/reducer.h>

#include <bvar/window.h>

#include <fmt/core.h>

#include <glog/logging.h>

#include <sstream>

#include <tuple>

#include <utility>

#include "common/config.h"

#include "common/status.h"

#include "cpp/sync_point.h"

#include "io/cache/block_file_cache.h"

#include "io/cache/block_file_cache_factory.h"

#include "io/cache/file_block.h"

#include "io/cache/file_cache_common.h"

#include "io/fs/file_writer.h"

#include "io/fs/path.h"

#include "io/fs/s3_file_bufferpool.h"

#include "io/fs/s3_file_system.h"

#include "io/fs/s3_obj_storage_client.h"

#include "runtime/exec_env.h"

#include "util/debug_points.h"

#include "util/s3_util.h"

#include "util/stopwatch.hpp"

namespace doris::io {

bvar::Adder<uint64_t> s3_file_writer_total("s3_file_writer_total_num");

bvar::Adder<uint64_t> s3_bytes_written_total("s3_file_writer_bytes_written");

bvar::Adder<uint64_t> s3_file_created_total("s3_file_writer_file_created");

bvar::Adder<uint64_t> s3_file_being_written("s3_file_writer_file_being_written");

bvar::Adder<uint64_t> s3_file_writer_async_close_queuing("s3_file_writer_async_close_queuing");

bvar::Adder<uint64_t> s3_file_writer_async_close_processing(

        "s3_file_writer_async_close_processing");

bvar::IntRecorder s3_file_writer_first_append_to_close_ms_recorder;

bvar::Window<bvar::IntRecorder> s3_file_writer_first_append_to_close_ms_window(

        "s3_file_writer_first_append_to_close_ms",

        &s3_file_writer_first_append_to_close_ms_recorder, /*window_size=*/10);

S3FileWriter::S3FileWriter(std::shared_ptr<ObjClientHolder> client, std::string bucket,

                           std::string key, const FileWriterOptions* opts)

        : _obj_storage_path_opts({.path = fmt::format("s3://{}/{}", bucket, key),

                                  .bucket = std::move(bucket),

                                  .key = std::move(key)}),

          _used_by_s3_committer(opts ? opts->used_by_s3_committer : false),

          _obj_client(std::move(client)) {

    s3_file_writer_total << 1;

    s3_file_being_written << 1;

    Aws::Http::SetCompliantRfc3986Encoding(true);

    init_cache_builder(opts, _obj_storage_path_opts.path);

}

S3FileWriter::~S3FileWriter() {

    if (_async_close_pack != nullptr) {

        // For thread safety

        std::ignore = _async_close_pack->future.get();

        _async_close_pack = nullptr;

    } else {

        // Consider one situation where the file writer is destructed after it submit at least one async task

        // without calling close(), then there exists one occasion where the async task is executed right after

        // the correspoding S3 file writer is already destructed

        _wait_until_finish(fmt::format("wait s3 file {} upload to be finished",

                                       _obj_storage_path_opts.path.native()));

    }

    // Deferred uploads are reported to FE for cleanup. Uploads that never reach FE are left to

    // the provider lifecycle policy, so destroying a writer must not mutate provider state here.

    if (state() == State::OPENED && !_failed) {

        s3_bytes_written_total << _bytes_appended;

    }

    s3_file_being_written << -1;

}

Status S3FileWriter::_create_multi_upload_request() {

    LOG(INFO) << "create_multi_upload_request " << _obj_storage_path_opts.path.native();

    const auto& client = _obj_client->get();

    if (nullptr == client) {

        return Status::InternalError<false>("invalid obj storage client");

    }

    auto resp = client->create_multipart_upload(_obj_storage_path_opts);

    if (resp.resp.status.code == ErrorCode::OK) {

        _obj_storage_path_opts.upload_id = resp.upload_id;

    }

    return {resp.resp.status.code, std::move(resp.resp.status.msg)};

}

void S3FileWriter::_wait_until_finish(std::string_view task_name) {

    auto timeout_duration = config::s3_file_writer_log_interval_second;

    auto msg = fmt::format(

            "{} multipart upload already takes {} seconds, bucket={}, key={}, upload_id={}",

            task_name, timeout_duration, _obj_storage_path_opts.bucket,

            _obj_storage_path_opts.path.native(),

            _obj_storage_path_opts.upload_id.has_value() ? *_obj_storage_path_opts.upload_id : "");

    timespec current_time;

    // We don't need high accuracy here, so we use time(nullptr)

    // since it's the fastest way to get current time(second)

    auto current_time_second = time(nullptr);

    current_time.tv_sec = current_time_second + timeout_duration;

    current_time.tv_nsec = 0;

    // bthread::countdown_event::timed_wait() should use absolute time

    while (0 != _countdown_event.timed_wait(current_time)) {

        current_time.tv_sec += timeout_duration;

        LOG(WARNING) << msg;

    }

}

Status S3FileWriter::close(bool non_block) {

    if (state() == State::CLOSED) {

        return Status::InternalError("S3FileWriter already closed, file path {}, file key {}",

                                     _obj_storage_path_opts.path.native(),

                                     _obj_storage_path_opts.key);

    }

    if (state() == State::ASYNC_CLOSING) {

        if (non_block) {

            return Status::InternalError("Don't submit async close multi times");

        }

        CHECK(_async_close_pack != nullptr);

        _st = _async_close_pack->future.get();

        _async_close_pack = nullptr;

        // We should wait for all the pre async task to be finished

        _state = State::CLOSED;

        // The next time we call close() with no matter non_block true or false, it would always return the

        // '_st' value because this writer is already closed.

        if (!non_block && _st.ok()) {

            _record_close_latency();

        }

        return _st;

    }

    if (non_block) {

        _state = State::ASYNC_CLOSING;

        _async_close_pack = std::make_unique<AsyncCloseStatusPack>();

        _async_close_pack->future = _async_close_pack->promise.get_future();

        s3_file_writer_async_close_queuing << 1;

        Status submit_status = Status::OK();

        DBUG_EXECUTE_IF("S3FileWriter.close.submit_async_close.inject_error", {

            submit_status = Status::IOError("S3FileWriter.close.submit_async_close.inject_error");

        });

        if (submit_status.ok()) {

            submit_status =

                    ExecEnv::GetInstance()->non_block_close_thread_pool()->submit_func([&]() {

                        s3_file_writer_async_close_queuing << -1;

                        s3_file_writer_async_close_processing << 1;

                        _st = _close_impl();

                        _async_close_pack->promise.set_value(_st);

                        s3_file_writer_async_close_processing << -1;

                    });

        }

        if (!submit_status.ok()) {

            s3_file_writer_async_close_queuing << -1;

            LOG(WARNING) << "failed to submit async close for "

                         << _obj_storage_path_opts.path.native()

                         << ", fallback to sync close, status=" << submit_status;

            _st = _close_impl();

            _async_close_pack->promise.set_value(_st);

            return _st;

        }

        return Status::OK();

    }

    _st = _close_impl();

    _state = State::CLOSED;

    if (!non_block && _st.ok()) {

        _record_close_latency();

    }

    return _st;

}

void S3FileWriter::_record_close_latency() {

    if (_close_latency_recorded || !_first_append_timestamp.has_value()) {

        return;

    }

    auto now = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();

    auto latency_ms =

            std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::milliseconds>(now - *_first_append_timestamp)

                    .count();

    s3_file_writer_first_append_to_close_ms_recorder << latency_ms;

    if (auto* sampler = s3_file_writer_first_append_to_close_ms_recorder.get_sampler()) {

        sampler->take_sample();

    }

    _close_latency_recorded = true;

}

Status S3FileWriter::try_finish_close() {

    if (state() == State::CLOSED) {

        return _st;

    }

    if (state() != State::ASYNC_CLOSING) {

        return Status::NotSupported("S3FileWriter is not async closing");

    }

    CHECK(_async_close_pack != nullptr);

    if (_async_close_pack->future.wait_for(std::chrono::seconds(0)) != std::future_status::ready) {

        return Status::NeedSendAgain("async close is not finished");

    }

    _st = _async_close_pack->future.get();

    _async_close_pack = nullptr;

    _state = State::CLOSED;

    if (_st.ok()) {

        _record_close_latency();

    }

    return _st;

}

bool S3FileWriter::_complete_part_task_callback(Status s) {

    bool ret = false;

    if (!s.ok()) [[unlikely]] {

        VLOG_NOTICE << "failed at key: " << _obj_storage_path_opts.key

                    << ", status: " << s.to_string();

        std::unique_lock<std::mutex> _lck {_completed_lock};

        _failed = true;

        ret = true;

        _st = std::move(s);

    }

    // After the signal, there is a scenario where the previous invocation of _wait_until_finish

    // returns to the caller, and subsequently, the S3 file writer is destructed.

    // This means that accessing _failed afterwards would result in a heap use after free vulnerability.

    _countdown_event.signal();

    return ret;

}

Status S3FileWriter::_build_upload_buffer() {

    auto builder = FileBufferBuilder();

    builder.set_type(BufferType::UPLOAD)

            .set_upload_callback([part_num = _cur_part_num, this](UploadFileBuffer& buf) {

                _upload_one_part(part_num, buf);

            })

            .set_file_offset(_bytes_appended)

            .set_sync_after_complete_task([this](auto&& PH1) {

                return _complete_part_task_callback(std::forward<decltype(PH1)>(PH1));

            })

            .set_is_cancelled([this]() { return _failed.load(); });

    if (_cache_builder != nullptr) {

        // We would load the data into file cache asynchronously which indicates

        // that this instance of S3FileWriter might have been destructed when we

        // try to do writing into file cache, so we make the lambda capture the variable

        // we need by value to extend their lifetime

        int64_t id = get_tablet_id(_obj_storage_path_opts.path.native()).value_or(0);

        builder.set_allocate_file_blocks_holder([builder = *_cache_builder,

                                                 offset = _bytes_appended,

                                                 tablet_id = id]() -> FileBlocksHolderPtr {

            return builder.allocate_cache_holder(offset, config::s3_write_buffer_size, tablet_id);

        });

    }

    RETURN_IF_ERROR(builder.build(&_pending_buf));

    auto* buf = dynamic_cast<UploadFileBuffer*>(_pending_buf.get());

    DCHECK(buf != nullptr);

    return Status::OK();

}

Status S3FileWriter::_submit_upload_buffer(const std::shared_ptr<FileBuffer>& buf) {

    _countdown_event.add_count();

    DBUG_EXECUTE_IF("S3FileWriter.submit_upload_buffer.inject_error", {

        auto st = Status::IOError("S3FileWriter.submit_upload_buffer.inject_error");

        _complete_part_task_callback(st);

        return st;

    });

    auto st = FileBuffer::submit(buf);

    if (!st.ok()) [[unlikely]] {

        _complete_part_task_callback(st);

    }

    return st;

}

Status S3FileWriter::_close_impl() {

    VLOG_DEBUG << "S3FileWriter::close, path: " << _obj_storage_path_opts.path.native();

    DBUG_EXECUTE_IF("S3FileWriter._close_impl.inject_error", {

        if (_obj_storage_path_opts.key.ends_with(".dat")) {

            return Status::IOError("S3FileWriter._close_impl.inject_error");

        }

    });

    if (_cur_part_num == 1 && _pending_buf) { // data size is less than config::s3_write_buffer_size

        RETURN_IF_ERROR(_set_upload_to_remote_less_than_buffer_size());

    }

    if (_bytes_appended == 0) {

        DCHECK_EQ(_cur_part_num, 1);

        // No data written, but need to create an empty file

        RETURN_IF_ERROR(_build_upload_buffer());

        if (!_used_by_s3_committer) {

            auto* pending_buf = dynamic_cast<UploadFileBuffer*>(_pending_buf.get());

            pending_buf->set_upload_to_remote([this](UploadFileBuffer& buf) { _put_object(buf); });

        } else {

            RETURN_IF_ERROR(_create_multi_upload_request());

        }

    }

    if (_pending_buf != nullptr) { // there is remaining data in buffer need to be uploaded

        auto st = _submit_upload_buffer(_pending_buf);

        _pending_buf = nullptr;

        if (!st.ok()) {

            _wait_until_finish("pending buffer submit failed");

            return st;

        }

    }

    RETURN_IF_ERROR(_complete());

    SYNC_POINT_RETURN_WITH_VALUE("s3_file_writer::close", Status());

    return Status::OK();

}

Status S3FileWriter::appendv(const Slice* data, size_t data_cnt) {

    if (state() != State::OPENED) [[unlikely]] {

        return Status::InternalError("append to closed file: {}",

                                     _obj_storage_path_opts.path.native());

    }

    if (!_first_append_timestamp.has_value()) {

        _first_append_timestamp = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();

    }

    size_t buffer_size = config::s3_write_buffer_size;

    TEST_SYNC_POINT_RETURN_WITH_VALUE("s3_file_writer::appenv", Status());

    for (size_t i = 0; i < data_cnt; i++) {

        size_t data_size = data[i].get_size();

        for (size_t pos = 0, data_size_to_append = 0; pos < data_size; pos += data_size_to_append) {

            if (_failed) {

                return _st;

            }

            if (!_pending_buf) {

                RETURN_IF_ERROR(_build_upload_buffer());

            }

            // we need to make sure all parts except the last one to be 5MB or more

            // and shouldn't be larger than buf

            data_size_to_append = std::min(data_size - pos, _pending_buf->get_file_offset() +

                                                                    buffer_size - _bytes_appended);

            // if the buffer has memory buf inside, the data would be written into memory first then S3 then file cache

            // it would be written to cache then S3 if the buffer doesn't have memory preserved

            RETURN_IF_ERROR(_pending_buf->append_data(

                    Slice {data[i].get_data() + pos, data_size_to_append}));

            TEST_SYNC_POINT_CALLBACK("s3_file_writer::appenv_1", &_pending_buf, _cur_part_num);

            // If this is the last part and the data size is less than s3_write_buffer_size,

            // the pending_buf will be handled by _close_impl() and _complete()

            // If this is the last part and the data size is equal to s3_write_buffer_size,

            // the pending_buf is handled here and submitted. it will be waited by _complete()

            if (_pending_buf->get_size() == buffer_size) {

                // only create multiple upload request when the data size is

                // larger or equal to s3_write_buffer_size than one memory buffer

                if (_cur_part_num == 1) {

                    RETURN_IF_ERROR(_create_multi_upload_request());

                }

                _cur_part_num++;

                auto st = _submit_upload_buffer(_pending_buf);

                _pending_buf = nullptr;

                RETURN_IF_ERROR(st);

            }

            _bytes_appended += data_size_to_append;

        }

    }

    return Status::OK();

}

void S3FileWriter::_upload_one_part(int part_num, UploadFileBuffer& buf) {

    VLOG_DEBUG << "upload_one_part " << _obj_storage_path_opts.path.native()

               << " part=" << part_num;

    if (buf.is_cancelled()) {

        LOG_INFO("file {} skip part {} because previous failure {}",

                 _obj_storage_path_opts.path.native(), part_num, _st);

        return;

    }

    const auto& client = _obj_client->get();

    if (nullptr == client) {

        LOG_WARNING("failed to upload part, key={}, part_num={} bacause of null obj client",

                    _obj_storage_path_opts.key, part_num);

        buf.set_status(Status::InternalError<false>("invalid obj storage client"));

        return;

    }

    auto resp = client->upload_part(_obj_storage_path_opts, buf.get_string_view_data(), part_num);

    if (resp.resp.status.code != ErrorCode::OK) {

        LOG_WARNING("failed to upload part, key={}, part_num={}, status={}",

                    _obj_storage_path_opts.key, part_num, resp.resp.status.msg);

        buf.set_status(Status(resp.resp.status.code, std::move(resp.resp.status.msg)));

        return;

    }

    s3_bytes_written_total << buf.get_size();

    ObjectCompleteMultiPart completed_part {

            part_num, resp.etag.has_value() ? std::move(resp.etag.value()) : ""};

    std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lck {_completed_lock};

    _completed_parts.emplace_back(std::move(completed_part));

}

// if enabled check

// 1. issue a head object request for existence check

// 2. check the file size

Status check_after_upload(ObjStorageClient* client, const ObjectStorageResponse& upload_res,

                          const ObjectStoragePathOptions& path_opt, int64_t bytes_appended,

                          const std::string& put_or_comp) {

    if (!config::enable_s3_object_check_after_upload) return Status::OK();

    auto head_res = client->head_object(path_opt);

    // clang-format off

    auto err_msg = [&]() {

        std::stringstream ss;

        ss << "failed to check object after upload=" << put_or_comp

            << " file_path=" << path_opt.path.native()

            << fmt::format(" {}_err=", put_or_comp) << upload_res.status.msg

            << fmt::format(" {}_code=", put_or_comp) << upload_res.status.code

            << fmt::format(" {}_http_code=", put_or_comp) << upload_res.http_code

            << fmt::format(" {}_request_id=", put_or_comp) << upload_res.request_id

            << " head_err=" << head_res.resp.status.msg

            << " head_code=" << head_res.resp.status.code

            << " head_http_code=" << head_res.resp.http_code

            << " head_request_id=" << head_res.resp.request_id;

        return ss.str();

    };

    // clang-format on

    // TODO(gavin): make it fail by injection

    TEST_SYNC_POINT_CALLBACK("S3FileWriter::check_after_load", &head_res);

    if (head_res.resp.status.code != ErrorCode::OK && head_res.resp.http_code != 200) {

        LOG(WARNING) << "failed to issue head object after upload, " << err_msg();

        DCHECK(false) << "failed to issue head object after upload, " << err_msg();

        // FIXME(gavin): we should retry if this HEAD fails?

        return Status::IOError(

                "failed to issue head object after upload, status_code={}, http_code={}, err={}",

                head_res.resp.status.code, head_res.resp.http_code, head_res.resp.status.msg);

    }

    if (head_res.file_size != bytes_appended) {

        LOG(WARNING) << "failed to check size after upload, expected_size=" << bytes_appended

                     << " actual_size=" << head_res.file_size << err_msg();

        DCHECK_EQ(bytes_appended, head_res.file_size)

                << "failed to check size after upload," << err_msg();

        return Status::IOError(

                "failed to check object size after upload, expected_size={} actual_size={}",

                bytes_appended, head_res.file_size);

    }

    return Status::OK();

}

Status S3FileWriter::_complete() {

    const auto& client = _obj_client->get();

    if (nullptr == client) {

        return Status::InternalError<false>("invalid obj storage client");

    }

    if (_failed) {

        _wait_until_finish("early quit");

        return _st;

    }

    // When the part num is only one, it means the data is less than 5MB so we can just put it.

    if (_cur_part_num == 1) {

        _wait_until_finish("PutObject");

        return _st;

    }

    // Wait multipart load and finish.

    _wait_until_finish("Complete");

    TEST_SYNC_POINT_CALLBACK("S3FileWriter::_complete:1",

                             std::make_pair(&_failed, &_completed_parts));

    if (_used_by_s3_committer) {    // S3 committer will complete multipart upload file on FE side.

        s3_file_created_total << 1; // Assume that it will be created successfully

        return Status::OK();

    }

    // check number of parts

    int64_t expected_num_parts1 = (_bytes_appended / config::s3_write_buffer_size) +

                                  !!(_bytes_appended % config::s3_write_buffer_size);

    int64_t expected_num_parts2 =

            (_bytes_appended % config::s3_write_buffer_size) ? _cur_part_num : _cur_part_num - 1;

    DCHECK_EQ(expected_num_parts1, expected_num_parts2)

            << " bytes_appended=" << _bytes_appended << " cur_part_num=" << _cur_part_num

            << " s3_write_buffer_size=" << config::s3_write_buffer_size;

    if (_failed || _completed_parts.size() != static_cast<size_t>(expected_num_parts1) ||

        expected_num_parts1 != expected_num_parts2) {

        _st = Status::InternalError(

                "failed to complete multipart upload, error status={} failed={} #complete_parts={} "

                "#expected_parts={} "

                "completed_parts_list={} file_path={} file_size={} has left buffer not uploaded={}",

                _st, _failed, _completed_parts.size(), expected_num_parts1, _dump_completed_part(),

                _obj_storage_path_opts.path.native(), _bytes_appended, _pending_buf != nullptr);

        LOG(WARNING) << _st;

        return _st;

    }

    // make sure _completed_parts are ascending order

    std::sort(_completed_parts.begin(), _completed_parts.end(),

              [](auto& p1, auto& p2) { return p1.part_num < p2.part_num; });

    TEST_SYNC_POINT_CALLBACK("S3FileWriter::_complete:2", &_completed_parts);

    LOG(INFO) << "complete_multipart_upload " << _obj_storage_path_opts.path.native()

              << " size=" << _bytes_appended << " number_parts=" << _completed_parts.size()

              << " s3_write_buffer_size=" << config::s3_write_buffer_size;

    auto resp = client->complete_multipart_upload(_obj_storage_path_opts, _completed_parts);

    if (resp.status.code != ErrorCode::OK) {

        LOG_WARNING("failed to complete multipart upload, err={}, file_path={}", resp.status.msg,

                    _obj_storage_path_opts.path.native());

        return {resp.status.code, std::move(resp.status.msg)};

    }

    RETURN_IF_ERROR(check_after_upload(client.get(), resp, _obj_storage_path_opts, _bytes_appended,

                                       "complete_multipart"));

    s3_file_created_total << 1;

    return Status::OK();

}

Status S3FileWriter::_set_upload_to_remote_less_than_buffer_size() {

    auto* buf = dynamic_cast<UploadFileBuffer*>(_pending_buf.get());

    DCHECK(buf != nullptr);

    if (_used_by_s3_committer) {

        // If used_by_s3_committer, we always use multi-parts uploading.

        buf->set_upload_to_remote([part_num = _cur_part_num, this](UploadFileBuffer& buf) {

            _upload_one_part(part_num, buf);

        });

        DCHECK(_cur_part_num == 1);

        RETURN_IF_ERROR(_create_multi_upload_request());

    } else {

        // if we only need to upload one file less than 5MB, we can just

        // call PutObject to reduce the network IO

        buf->set_upload_to_remote([this](UploadFileBuffer& b) { _put_object(b); });

    }

    return Status::OK();

}

void S3FileWriter::_put_object(UploadFileBuffer& buf) {

    MonotonicStopWatch timer;

    timer.start();

    if (state() == State::CLOSED) {

        DCHECK(state() != State::CLOSED)

                << "state=" << (int)state() << " path=" << _obj_storage_path_opts.path.native();

        LOG_WARNING("failed to put object because file closed, file path {}",

                    _obj_storage_path_opts.path.native());

        buf.set_status(Status::InternalError<false>("try to put closed file"));

        return;

    }

    const auto& client = _obj_client->get();

    if (nullptr == client) {

        buf.set_status(Status::InternalError<false>("invalid obj storage client"));

        return;

    }

    TEST_SYNC_POINT_RETURN_WITH_VOID("S3FileWriter::_put_object", this, &buf);

    auto resp = client->put_object(_obj_storage_path_opts, buf.get_string_view_data());

    timer.stop();

    if (resp.status.code != ErrorCode::OK) {

        LOG_WARNING("failed to put object, put object failed because {}, file path {}, time={}ms",

                    resp.status.msg, _obj_storage_path_opts.path.native(),

                    timer.elapsed_time_milliseconds());

        buf.set_status({resp.status.code, std::move(resp.status.msg)});

        return;

    }

    auto st = check_after_upload(client.get(), resp, _obj_storage_path_opts, _bytes_appended,

                                 "put_object");

    if (!st.ok()) {

        buf.set_status(st);

        return;

    }

    LOG(INFO) << "put_object " << _obj_storage_path_opts.path.native()

              << " size=" << _bytes_appended << " time=" << timer.elapsed_time_milliseconds()

              << "ms";

    s3_file_created_total << 1;

    s3_bytes_written_total << buf.get_size();

}

std::string S3FileWriter::_dump_completed_part() const {

    std::stringstream ss;

    ss << "part_numbers:";

    for (const auto& part : _completed_parts) {

        ss << " " << part.part_num;

    }

    return ss.str();

}

} // namespace doris::io